移動

機器人有兩個輪子，各自有一個馬達：在入門機器人上是 left wheel motor 和 right wheel motor。你可以設定每個輪子的速度來駕駛它：

左輪	右輪	機器人會……
前進	前進	往前走
後退	後退	往後退
後退	前進	原地向左轉
前進	後退	原地向右轉
快	慢	向右彎

速度的單位是弧度每秒，最高 6.28（每秒轉一圈）。負的速度會讓輪子向後轉。

駕駛

1. 依名稱取得每個馬達。
2. 把它的位置設為無限大，讓它可以不受限制地轉動。
3. 設定它的速度。

馬達會維持你最後設定的速度，所以在程式做其他事情時，機器人會繼續移動。這個程式會讓機器人往前、往後，再原地向左轉，各一秒：

Python

from controller import Robot

robot = Robot()
timeStep = int(robot.getBasicTimeStep())
maxSpeed = 6.28  # The maximum speed of the wheels, in radians per second

leftWheel = robot.getDevice("left wheel motor")
rightWheel = robot.getDevice("right wheel motor")
leftWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))
rightWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))

def drive(left, right, seconds):
    # Set the speed of each wheel, and keep it for some time
    leftWheel.setVelocity(left)
    rightWheel.setVelocity(right)
    start = robot.getTime()
    while robot.step(timeStep) != -1:
        if robot.getTime() - start >= seconds:
            break

drive(maxSpeed, maxSpeed, 1.0)    # Forward
drive(-maxSpeed, -maxSpeed, 1.0)  # Backward
drive(-2.0, 2.0, 1.0)             # Spin to the left
drive(0, 0, 0.1)                  # Stop
print("Done")

C/C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <webots/Robot.hpp>
#include <webots/Motor.hpp>

using namespace webots;

Robot *robot;
Motor *leftWheel, *rightWheel;
int timeStep;
const double maxSpeed = 6.28; // The maximum speed of the wheels, in radians per second

// Set the speed of each wheel, and keep it for some time
void drive(double left, double right, double seconds) {
  leftWheel->setVelocity(left);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(right);
  double start = robot->getTime();
  while (robot->step(timeStep) != -1) {
    if (robot->getTime() - start >= seconds)
      break;
  }
}

int main() {
  robot = new Robot();
  timeStep = (int)robot->getBasicTimeStep();

  leftWheel = robot->getMotor("left wheel motor");
  rightWheel = robot->getMotor("right wheel motor");
  leftWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);
  rightWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);

  drive(maxSpeed, maxSpeed, 1.0);   // Forward
  drive(-maxSpeed, -maxSpeed, 1.0); // Backward
  drive(-2.0, 2.0, 1.0);            // Spin to the left
  drive(0, 0, 0.1);                 // Stop
  std::cout << "Done" << std::endl;

  delete robot;
  return 0;
}

注意

Webots 中的角度以弧度為單位。換算方式：弧度 = 角度 × π / 180。

測量輪子轉了多少

每個馬達都有一個位置感測器，也稱為編碼器（encoder），它會計算輪子轉了多少，單位是弧度。這對行駛固定距離很有用。向後轉時，計數會減少。

Python

from controller import Robot

robot = Robot()
timeStep = int(robot.getBasicTimeStep())

leftWheel = robot.getDevice("left wheel motor")
rightWheel = robot.getDevice("right wheel motor")
leftWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))
rightWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))

# Each wheel has a position sensor, which counts how far it has turned
leftEncoder = leftWheel.getPositionSensor()
rightEncoder = rightWheel.getPositionSensor()
leftEncoder.enable(timeStep)
rightEncoder.enable(timeStep)

robot.step(timeStep)  # Step once, so that the sensors have a value
start = leftEncoder.getValue()

leftWheel.setVelocity(5.0)
rightWheel.setVelocity(5.0)

while robot.step(timeStep) != -1:
    turned = leftEncoder.getValue() - start
    if turned > 10.0:  # Stop after 10 radians
        break

leftWheel.setVelocity(0)
rightWheel.setVelocity(0)
print("Left wheel:", round(leftEncoder.getValue() - start, 2), "rad")

C/C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <webots/Robot.hpp>
#include <webots/Motor.hpp>
#include <webots/PositionSensor.hpp>

using namespace webots;
using namespace std;

int main() {
  Robot *robot = new Robot();
  int timeStep = (int)robot->getBasicTimeStep();

  Motor *leftWheel = robot->getMotor("left wheel motor");
  Motor *rightWheel = robot->getMotor("right wheel motor");
  leftWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);
  rightWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);

  // Each wheel has a position sensor, which counts how far it has turned
  PositionSensor *leftEncoder = leftWheel->getPositionSensor();
  PositionSensor *rightEncoder = rightWheel->getPositionSensor();
  leftEncoder->enable(timeStep);
  rightEncoder->enable(timeStep);

  robot->step(timeStep); // Step once, so that the sensors have a value
  double start = leftEncoder->getValue();

  leftWheel->setVelocity(5.0);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(5.0);

  while (robot->step(timeStep) != -1) {
    double turned = leftEncoder->getValue() - start;
    if (turned > 10.0) // Stop after 10 radians
      break;
  }

  leftWheel->setVelocity(0);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(0);
  cout << "Left wheel: " << leftEncoder->getValue() - start << " rad" << endl;

  delete robot;
  return 0;
}

用時間控制移動很簡單，但結果會隨速度而改變。編碼器測量的是移動本身，所以更可靠。若要精確轉彎，陀螺儀效果更好。

接下來，學習讀取感測器。