移动

机器人有两个车轮，每个车轮都有自己的电机：在入门机器人上分别是 left wheel motor 和 right wheel motor。你通过设置每个车轮的速度来驾驶它：

左轮	右轮	机器人会……
向前	向前	向前行驶
向后	向后	向后行驶
向后	向前	原地向左转
向前	向后	原地向右转
快	慢	向右转弯

速度的单位是弧度每秒，最大为 6.28（每秒车轮转一圈）。速度为负值时，车轮向后转。

行驶

1. 按名字获取每个电机。
2. 把它的位置设为无穷大，让它可以无限制地转动。
3. 设置它的速度。

电机会保持你最后设置的速度，所以在程序做其他事情时，机器人会继续移动。下面的程序让机器人向前行驶、向后行驶、原地向左转，每个动作持续一秒：

Python

from controller import Robot

robot = Robot()
timeStep = int(robot.getBasicTimeStep())
maxSpeed = 6.28  # The maximum speed of the wheels, in radians per second

leftWheel = robot.getDevice("left wheel motor")
rightWheel = robot.getDevice("right wheel motor")
leftWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))
rightWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))

def drive(left, right, seconds):
    # Set the speed of each wheel, and keep it for some time
    leftWheel.setVelocity(left)
    rightWheel.setVelocity(right)
    start = robot.getTime()
    while robot.step(timeStep) != -1:
        if robot.getTime() - start >= seconds:
            break

drive(maxSpeed, maxSpeed, 1.0)    # Forward
drive(-maxSpeed, -maxSpeed, 1.0)  # Backward
drive(-2.0, 2.0, 1.0)             # Spin to the left
drive(0, 0, 0.1)                  # Stop
print("Done")

C/C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <webots/Robot.hpp>
#include <webots/Motor.hpp>

using namespace webots;

Robot *robot;
Motor *leftWheel, *rightWheel;
int timeStep;
const double maxSpeed = 6.28; // The maximum speed of the wheels, in radians per second

// Set the speed of each wheel, and keep it for some time
void drive(double left, double right, double seconds) {
  leftWheel->setVelocity(left);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(right);
  double start = robot->getTime();
  while (robot->step(timeStep) != -1) {
    if (robot->getTime() - start >= seconds)
      break;
  }
}

int main() {
  robot = new Robot();
  timeStep = (int)robot->getBasicTimeStep();

  leftWheel = robot->getMotor("left wheel motor");
  rightWheel = robot->getMotor("right wheel motor");
  leftWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);
  rightWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);

  drive(maxSpeed, maxSpeed, 1.0);   // Forward
  drive(-maxSpeed, -maxSpeed, 1.0); // Backward
  drive(-2.0, 2.0, 1.0);            // Spin to the left
  drive(0, 0, 0.1);                 // Stop
  std::cout << "Done" << std::endl;

  delete robot;
  return 0;
}

注意

Webots 中的角度以弧度为单位。换算方法：弧度 = 角度 × π / 180。

测量车轮转过了多少

每个电机都有一个位置传感器，也叫编码器，它以弧度为单位记录车轮转过了多少。它可以用来行驶固定的距离。车轮向后转时，计数会减小。

Python

from controller import Robot

robot = Robot()
timeStep = int(robot.getBasicTimeStep())

leftWheel = robot.getDevice("left wheel motor")
rightWheel = robot.getDevice("right wheel motor")
leftWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))
rightWheel.setPosition(float("inf"))

# Each wheel has a position sensor, which counts how far it has turned
leftEncoder = leftWheel.getPositionSensor()
rightEncoder = rightWheel.getPositionSensor()
leftEncoder.enable(timeStep)
rightEncoder.enable(timeStep)

robot.step(timeStep)  # Step once, so that the sensors have a value
start = leftEncoder.getValue()

leftWheel.setVelocity(5.0)
rightWheel.setVelocity(5.0)

while robot.step(timeStep) != -1:
    turned = leftEncoder.getValue() - start
    if turned > 10.0:  # Stop after 10 radians
        break

leftWheel.setVelocity(0)
rightWheel.setVelocity(0)
print("Left wheel:", round(leftEncoder.getValue() - start, 2), "rad")

C/C++

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <webots/Robot.hpp>
#include <webots/Motor.hpp>
#include <webots/PositionSensor.hpp>

using namespace webots;
using namespace std;

int main() {
  Robot *robot = new Robot();
  int timeStep = (int)robot->getBasicTimeStep();

  Motor *leftWheel = robot->getMotor("left wheel motor");
  Motor *rightWheel = robot->getMotor("right wheel motor");
  leftWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);
  rightWheel->setPosition(INFINITY);

  // Each wheel has a position sensor, which counts how far it has turned
  PositionSensor *leftEncoder = leftWheel->getPositionSensor();
  PositionSensor *rightEncoder = rightWheel->getPositionSensor();
  leftEncoder->enable(timeStep);
  rightEncoder->enable(timeStep);

  robot->step(timeStep); // Step once, so that the sensors have a value
  double start = leftEncoder->getValue();

  leftWheel->setVelocity(5.0);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(5.0);

  while (robot->step(timeStep) != -1) {
    double turned = leftEncoder->getValue() - start;
    if (turned > 10.0) // Stop after 10 radians
      break;
  }

  leftWheel->setVelocity(0);
  rightWheel->setVelocity(0);
  cout << "Left wheel: " << leftEncoder->getValue() - start << " rad" << endl;

  delete robot;
  return 0;
}

按时间控制移动很简单，但结果会随速度而变化。编码器测量的是移动本身，所以更可靠。要想精确转向，陀螺仪效果更好。

接下来，学习如何读取传感器。